The Philippines, recognized as the global center of marine biodiversity, is facing increasing threats to its diverse underwater ecosystems. Climate change, habitat degradation, destructive fishing practices, and overharvesting, particularly for the aquarium trade, have placed significant pressure on marine ornamental fish populations. Despite their ecological and economic importance, conservation initiatives focused on these species have been limited, primarily due to insufficient scientific data.

To address this, the government, through a collaborative effort among national agencies and partners, has initiated the country’s first comprehensive assessment and red listing of marine ornamental fishes using internationally recognized standards.

Importance of red listing

The Philippines harbors the highest density of marine species globally, yet this rich biodiversity remains highly vulnerable. Marine ornamental fishes, highly sought after in the international aquarium industry, have not previously undergone national-level conservation assessment. This lack of baseline data has left many species unprotected against threats such as overcollection, cyanide fishing, coral reef degradation, and the introduction of invasive species.

As one of the world’s leading exporters of marine ornamental fishes, the country faces the dual challenge of sustaining livelihoods while safeguarding its marine ecosystems. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List provides a globally recognized framework for assessing extinction risks; however, marine ornamental species remain underrepresented in global datasets.

In alignment with Republic Act (RA) No. 9147 (Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act) and RA No. 8550, as amended by RA No. 10654 (Philippine Fisheries Code), the Philippines established the Philippine Aquatic Red List Committee (PARLC). This committee, composed of representatives from key institutions, now leads the national red listing of marine ornamental fishes, marking the first of its kind in the country.

Initial assessment

From January to December 2024, the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), with support from the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) through the Aquatic Wildlife Management Fund, conducted the first assessment of 20 native marine ornamental fish species.

The evaluation revealed that five species were classified as Vulnerable, one species as Near Threatened, and 14 species as Least Concern. While many species remain relatively abundant in coral reefs, export data from 2015 to 2023 indicate a marked decline in collection levels.

Whether this trend reflects actual population decreases, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, or tighter trade regulations, it underscores the need for continued monitoring and management.

In addition, the project assessed six non-native marine ornamental species using the Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK). Results indicated three high-risk, one medium-risk, and two low-risk species.

Recommendations for conservation and management

To ensure the long-term sustainability of marine ornamental fish populations, the PARLC Sub-Committee on Marine Ornamental Fishes recommends implementing science-based conservation and management strategies, including: establishing catch and trade limits; conducting species-specific catch monitoring; accrediting gatherers and traders; undertaking population and habitat studies; designating and managing marine sanctuaries; supporting captive breeding programs; implementing coral reef rehabilitation; providing alternative livelihoods for fisherfolk; and promoting public awareness and education campaigns.

For non-native marine ornamental species, the Sub-Committee further recommends: prohibiting imports of high-risk species; limiting imports of medium- and low-risk species to re-export purposes only; requiring comprehensive risk assessments prior to import permit issuance; and temporarily suspending all imports of non-native species pending further review.

Ways forward

The pioneering assessment represents a major step forward in strengthening the Philippines’ capacity for marine species conservation. The establishment of a national Red List for marine ornamental fishes lays the groundwork for science-based policies that balance ecological sustainability with economic interests.

The initiative also demonstrates the power of collaboration among BFAR, NFRDI, Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), local government units, non-government organizations, local communities, PARLC Sub-Committee. Together, these partners are advancing an integrated and data-driven approach to aquatic biodiversity conservation.

By combining research, regulation, and community engagement, the Philippines is taking an essential first step toward ensuring the sustainable management of its marine ornamental fish resources, preserving the country’s vibrant coral reef ecosystems for generations to come. ### (Frederick Muyot)